tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57120884076633443532024-03-14T11:12:54.164+01:00Geotech and Tunnel EngineeringExperiences & Excerpts; Ideas & Impressions; Reviews & Ramblings of a Civil EngineerUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger86125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-90836006419028979632017-12-04T17:14:00.004+01:002018-08-10T11:34:53.015+02:00Book Review: Trapped Under the SeaThis book has been in my "To Read" list for a very long time. Only when the Breakthrough Magazine (<a href="http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/3c670b62#/3c670b62/1">current issue</a>) wrote a review about this book, it gave me the final push to read this book without any delay. But once I started reading, it was so gripping and thrilling that I had to complete the book within a week.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQRXas9pUxUIrVJKfqppfMdbj0ASTvWMilzCRlJHF0D1TbwwjoMphNmp3Z8-_40eINNnH5w2spw18QbikdmQm2WIfmLDSHUbBimkFvGuPg4l7D8lF4qf4_qVVQjSLJIVXT8R8qnF9zjw0/s1600/mj-618_348_deep-sea-daredevils.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQRXas9pUxUIrVJKfqppfMdbj0ASTvWMilzCRlJHF0D1TbwwjoMphNmp3Z8-_40eINNnH5w2spw18QbikdmQm2WIfmLDSHUbBimkFvGuPg4l7D8lF4qf4_qVVQjSLJIVXT8R8qnF9zjw0/s400/mj-618_348_deep-sea-daredevils.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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The book describes the tragedy which occurred during construction of a waste treatment plant in Boston Harbor, USA. As with the most sewage outfall tunnels, this project has diffuser lines installed towards the end of the tunnel to disperse the treated sewage. The book describes about an incident where divers were sent into ~15km long un-ventilated tunnel (with individual breathing system) to remove the safety plugs installed at the tunnel and diffuser connections.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYg-BEhMTdu79JOeDub72YD7X-tSmb6E9ieF_w8oMY48Vv_zzA_QT2T4fKc9qvSr6MR5l2Jbucfj_CJumTjSVBnEPduk7n7M6okqW5yB30lLXe7RrHxfAIVMUH9qEMam8zG7Pj4UKwIFY/s1600/diffusers_linedrawing.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="523" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYg-BEhMTdu79JOeDub72YD7X-tSmb6E9ieF_w8oMY48Vv_zzA_QT2T4fKc9qvSr6MR5l2Jbucfj_CJumTjSVBnEPduk7n7M6okqW5yB30lLXe7RrHxfAIVMUH9qEMam8zG7Pj4UKwIFY/s400/diffusers_linedrawing.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deer Island Treatment Plant and Sewage Outfall tunnels (<a href="http://www.mwra.com/">source</a>)</td></tr>
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The author describes the the dangers faced by the workers due to the inability of the tunnel designers, constructors, and management who could have worked together to solve the issue. Rather they tried to insulate themselves from liabilities and to push the risks on to the other parties which made their relationship thoroughly dysfunctional. At the end, the dangerous cocktail of time, money, stubbornness and frustration (near the end of over budget , long delayed project) has caused the lives of workers.</div>
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Having a bit of experience myself in working for mines, tunnels and claustrophobic hyperbaric chambers, I have some idea of the <i>"adventure"</i> and risk that the job entitles to the people working in such conditions on a daily basis. Even then, I found the book baffling and I found it hard to digest the fact that these divers were exposed to such extreme risks.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://technical.blogspot.com/2017/11/book-review-trapped-under-sea.html"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU7_TxGat7nqYSaSAlrfEpFgPeeGYLo1D1knBpdZwTcuMxnF6brDvwhoawUv0h7r18vJ1Urgst_D3QremCOpl3swQG9cIpzr_HjiIl0jD6SitjmL3knv7mrWAPvN9pHJpVjW1EkLrHXKg/s320/File+11-11-17%252C+22+51+06.jpeg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
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Entering a hyperbaric chamber </td></tr>
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But this seem to be the reality of lump-sum low bid construction. The company bids the bare minimum and can make profit only when the cost turn out to be unusually low. In order to do so, the company weighs in too much on the responsibility that it assigns to a third party and the farther the managers are from the actual decision making, the greater is their tolerance for risk. In such an arrangement, as the problem arrives, the priority is not on solving them but to figure out who's is to blame and who is going to pay. Hence the problem gets a lot harder and more expensive to fix. Once relationship gets poisoned, the parties become so fixed in their position that they could no longer trust the intention of the other side.<br />
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If there is any incident, it is usually caused by a series of small bad decisions made by many individuals, none of which on its own would have been enough to produce a failure.The author draws the comparison with "Swiss cheese" model of failure which is often used by safety scientists. When the holes in organizational defects line up in ways that had not been foreseen, the problem require rapid interpretation and responses and here it is when that things can go wrong. </div>
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I got to learn very good lessons for my professional as well as personal life based on the narrative presented in the book. I could immediately relate to some of my projects where opposing sides become fixed in their positions, relying on cognitive shortcuts as they are locked in adversarial contest. Some of my take away points are:<br />
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<li>Accidents do happen when confidence runs high and tolerance for delay dips low. This should not let people accept looser standards in the name of greater speed. The more people do something without suffering bad outcome, the harder it could become to remain aware of the risks associated with that behavior.</li>
<li>Engineer should have a good sense and strong stomach to say no whenever he/she ethically believes so. An engineer has to plan to follow proven protocols rather than panic gut decisions.</li>
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Overall, a very interesting story documenting the heroism of the workers and mis-management of design and contract administration.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-29651571050041004832017-10-22T04:38:00.000+02:002017-10-22T04:39:15.207+02:00Hulme Prize 2017This year, I was privileged to get two of my papers shortlisted for the annual competition for the best technical papers from young engineers on subjects associated with tunnelling and underground construction. The three papers shortlisted for this year are:<br />
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<li>Large Diameter Pipe Roof Box Excavation For Passenger Linkway Tunnel </li>
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<li>By Ms <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/saffiyah-badurdeen-aa8728110/">F. Saffiyah Badurdeen</a>, Ed. Zublin AG Singapore & Mr <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gtsenthilnath/">G. T. Senthilnath</a>, Geoconsult Asia Singapore </li>
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<li>Mined Tunnel Monitoring as a Part of Observational Approach – a Case Study </li>
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<li>By Mr <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gtsenthilnath/">G. T. Senthilnath</a>, Geoconsult Asia Singapore </li>
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<li>Latest Development in Horizontal Grouting for Cross Passages in Thomson East Coast Line C1-C2 </li>
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<li>By Ms Jasmine Lim, Land Transport Authority</li>
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Presentation of the shortlisted papers were held on 17th August 2017 at the SMRT Auditorium and prizes for the winners were distributed during TUCSS Annual Lecture at Stephen Riady Auditorium At One Marina Boulevard, Singapore. The first paper was presented by my co-author and I presented the second paper (summary of the paper is available in my previous <a href="https://geo-technical.blogspot.com/2017/09/scl-natm-tunnel-lining-displacement.html">post</a>).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikrCjWs1ZNG34fwhAXEm9sP3-RSknE694WQuCq6-6JGaupalbxJUHnDaRUMdEcfMVN2NBdD-413YqVwuP-uFc9GnWONVRhmWXylSxJOT5UcnQgUXaHMjKg90Wa98C04b32Egfg0V7nRRk/s1600/DSE_0213-1+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1393" data-original-width="1600" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikrCjWs1ZNG34fwhAXEm9sP3-RSknE694WQuCq6-6JGaupalbxJUHnDaRUMdEcfMVN2NBdD-413YqVwuP-uFc9GnWONVRhmWXylSxJOT5UcnQgUXaHMjKg90Wa98C04b32Egfg0V7nRRk/s320/DSE_0213-1+%25281%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Hulme Prize was set up by TUCSS in 1999 in honour of Mr. Terry Hulme, Honorary Member of TUCSS, for his outstanding contribution to TUCSS and Tunnelling in Singapore. It is an annual competition for the best technical paper and the winners are presented with a cash prize and citation.</span></blockquote>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com111 Marina Blvd, Singapore 0189891.2822192 103.852614899999941.2812271999999998 103.85135439999993 1.2832112 103.85387539999994tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-15246884296816635092017-09-30T19:57:00.000+02:002017-10-22T04:39:15.204+02:00SCL / NATM tunnel lining displacement monitoring - Case Study<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="text-align: left;">The observational method is widely used in tunnelling works. For a successful implementation of observational method in tunnelling, an efficient monitoring, data evaluation and interpretation on site is of prime importance. Reviewing the common practice on sites in Singapore, it could be said that, there is a potential for improvement in the data collection and interpretation techniques employed for mined tunnelling works in Singapore. Although there are several advanced tools available in the market for data handling, evaluation and interpretation; there is a scope for development of simple and easy to use tools, to properly handle the spatial displacement measurements. With the adoption of Eurocode 7 in Singapore, it is further more important to evaluate the mined tunnel movements, continuously update the geotechnical model & adjust the excavation/support system to suit the actual ground conditions.</span></div>
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This post presents simple implementation of absolute tunnel displacements visualization in the ubiquitous spreadsheet software. A practical procedure for predicting and comparing displacement behind the face in relation to face advance and time is presented with a case study of mined tunnel in shallow overburden condition. The case study considers a mined tunnel which is in overburden ranging from 6m to 8m under a road with significant traffic as well as major utilities and services. The design included temporary excavation support using staggered piperoof, sprayed concrete with lattice girder and wire mesh. Observations & insights provided by spatial visualization of the tunnel displacements are presented.</div>
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A custom-built spreadsheet macro was prepared for this case study project to visualize the displacement vectors at each monitoring array and deflection curve along the tunnel alignment at any point in time based on the latest raw data obtained from the instrumentation and monitoring contractor. Below figure shows the monitored displacement characteristic of the mined tunnel as vector plot in a plane perpendicular to the tunnel axis. The displacement plot in this figure is for the lattice girder location “S3-5” (which could be selected from the option button on left side. List indicates the location of all monitoring array locations). The displacement pattern can be described as almost symmetrical in the cross section with slightly increased displacement on the right side. In a homogenous, isotropic ground, the crown prism movement is expected to be vertically down however the movement is towards left side which could indicate a possibility of singularities near the face. In case there was any fault / singularities on the right side of the tunnel face, the readings on the right side (instrument P3 and P5) would register larger movements. In this manner, features outside the excavation area (faults, slickensides etc), change in stress situation and kinematics could be predicted based on these displacement vector plots. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg696lz-RpsSiF7jlt4A6OiJNK2t1JLV3LyAWHjaoWZbvGSImZyJFwtbXRg2Iio2nYiAJdBdyqJEkStV2JxY0CXHP05b8yc4BAOFfyAaGkT0RAmTbz2OFP4dAQJRHsntwSAZqxDs7tScjI/s1600/Cross+Section.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="856" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg696lz-RpsSiF7jlt4A6OiJNK2t1JLV3LyAWHjaoWZbvGSImZyJFwtbXRg2Iio2nYiAJdBdyqJEkStV2JxY0CXHP05b8yc4BAOFfyAaGkT0RAmTbz2OFP4dAQJRHsntwSAZqxDs7tScjI/s320/Cross+Section.PNG" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Custom built spreadsheet VB script to visualize
displacement vector</span></td></tr>
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Below figure shows the monitored displacements vectors in a plane parallel to the tunnel axis. The plot in longitudinal direction shows displacement vectors tending against the excavation direction. Influence of foliation modifies the longitudinal settlements. Using the knowledge about the influence of the anisotropy orientation on the displacement development, the geological structure encountered on site can be used to predict the expected spatial displacement vector orientation. Any significant deviation from this “normal” behaviour will thus reflect an abnormal behaviour. In case the reason for the abnormality does not originate from a failed support system, the type of deviation can be used to predict changes in the ground condition ahead of the tunnel.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjryet8xFzK0mokHhKf5sDnoei90PsV4d9j698Kbmn7dFWK9kCjZai6b5UYNQxavezJlIGiFJRZRErK-JRrvWwTJNl-ScP8DmIrb1CXr8kB1_r3dTbIrWn-v2SbuQSoJjGnil5gvwA_hgc/s1600/Long+Section.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="1314" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjryet8xFzK0mokHhKf5sDnoei90PsV4d9j698Kbmn7dFWK9kCjZai6b5UYNQxavezJlIGiFJRZRErK-JRrvWwTJNl-ScP8DmIrb1CXr8kB1_r3dTbIrWn-v2SbuQSoJjGnil5gvwA_hgc/s640/Long+Section.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Custom built spreadsheet VB script to visualize 3D
prism movements<br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrwVrqe6NfXpwmCDMWt0fXhjXgQzXvpUfACrmbkTLBORYZCwdwa2HCg3LPpbiK187Wi4jjelzRvNCeQ7mk3OGXFSz7zWEKUMH93eFDIy7HRtdAKgFHhUKrQ3O9rWPEBwxTPwso4cXjpw/s1600/Long+Section2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="1134" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrwVrqe6NfXpwmCDMWt0fXhjXgQzXvpUfACrmbkTLBORYZCwdwa2HCg3LPpbiK187Wi4jjelzRvNCeQ7mk3OGXFSz7zWEKUMH93eFDIy7HRtdAKgFHhUKrQ3O9rWPEBwxTPwso4cXjpw/s640/Long+Section2.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Ground settlements at different stages of excavation</span></td></tr>
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Monitoring methods along with above interpretation methods could improve short term prediction in tunnelling. The information, which can be extracted from displacement monitoring data, is enormous. This insight plays a crucial role in difficult geotechnical conditions or in sensitive environments. In order to meet the requirements of a Eurocode 7 compliant “observational method” design, dedicated design preparation work prior to construction and organized monitoring system is required. This case study proves that this could be achieved easily on site without the need for any special software. </div>
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Reference:</div>
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[1] Senthilnath G T, Mined tunnel monitoring as a part of observational approach - A case study, Tunnelling and Underground Construction Society (Singapore), 2017</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-3252925095358647852017-05-02T17:14:00.000+02:002017-10-22T04:39:15.210+02:00ITACET Training Course, KL - Lecture on Singapore Case StudiesRecently I had the pleasure to deliver a lecture during <a href="https://www.itacet.org/session/principles-tunnel-design-0">ITACET training course in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIQtlnKZDujqLVqY18rD5L2wkmwVLNmqM7aQmIi1oiAW2Ln6K3F1fjXZ96BEQHYOmiSokIzLIHFDeuuu7TYRzMRcjVBTNYunpvjdQYueXiyUpZ2tcfAlSiWFsirxYgZ8lnI0H7XT6UNQ/s1600/Group_photo_0_0.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIQtlnKZDujqLVqY18rD5L2wkmwVLNmqM7aQmIi1oiAW2Ln6K3F1fjXZ96BEQHYOmiSokIzLIHFDeuuu7TYRzMRcjVBTNYunpvjdQYueXiyUpZ2tcfAlSiWFsirxYgZ8lnI0H7XT6UNQ/s320/Group_photo_0_0.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Speakers & participants of the ITACET training course</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiGr-YiV7j0bL_bIG6P6J_27ls2rQrn9_gyw9Mvt6JHutzoRj3z9QIFG2T2FBa9C_lzSqhQQrWjC0dNTCWyH7y-DpY8FU6Q1vlLwshnmCYEYsNU_Zvvaqr-o5uY55bMfIv7UmBLS681k/s1600/Token_appreciation_Senthilnath_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiGr-YiV7j0bL_bIG6P6J_27ls2rQrn9_gyw9Mvt6JHutzoRj3z9QIFG2T2FBa9C_lzSqhQQrWjC0dNTCWyH7y-DpY8FU6Q1vlLwshnmCYEYsNU_Zvvaqr-o5uY55bMfIv7UmBLS681k/s1600/Token_appreciation_Senthilnath_0.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Receiving token of appreciation from Dr. Ooi Teik Aun</td></tr>
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The two-day training session on the "Principles of Tunnel Design" was held on 20th & 21st April 2017 at the P J Hilton, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. This short course was organized as a post conference event of the SEACETUS 2017. The training session was organised by The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) and the Foundation for Education and Training on Tunnelling and Underground Space Use (ITACET).<br />
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The training session provided an introduction to the principles of tunnel design throughout a project cycle, from planning, design and construction, through to implementation of a tunnel or underground project. Contents of the course is available at: <a href="https://www.itacet.org/sites/default/files/Training%20session%20programme_KL.pdf">link</a>. Official report of the training course is available in IEM wesbite: <a href="https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiI9uDzt-vWAhXIJJQKHfGGAzYQFgg6MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myiem.org.my%2Fdownload%2Fdownloadlink.aspx%3Ffn%3D12756_2719%2520-%2520Jurutera%2520online.pdf%26id%3D12756&usg=AOvVaw2oWnP3Xb0ifu-gHJv92SQY">Link</a><br />
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My presentation was on Case history studies from Singapore. I was able to present case histories from the projects I have been involved in Singapore, which includes:<br />
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<li>Thomson Line MRT tunnels</li>
<li>Power transmission cable tunnels</li>
<li>Other LTA projects involving underground linkway construction.</li>
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Summary of my presentation brief is available at: <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/lx35diuk97akf46/Day%202-SenthilNath-Urban%20Tunnelling%20in%20Singapore_RevB.pdf?dl=0">link</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-69397138919834989152016-12-16T04:50:00.000+01:002018-08-11T15:14:14.880+02:00NCE Tunnelling Awards 2016 - Winner<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Delighted to be the winner of NCE Tunnelling Awards 2016 under the category "Young Tunneller of the Year". </div>
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<a href="https://tunnellingawards.newcivilengineer.com/2016-winners"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1045" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXEDwI9S_sosh5-OHzLgZtVgaUZGsHZjW_liI3Vabqqg7Xxl5dpQO1k36VNMHIZyi1Wa2GeTEeGRfJaGLPsT2PvdiHYWpWm27IL2AhxVttfsIrpx1vwb8k8zoo3NUGCdeQfzsYWZHOKW4/s640/Winner.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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This award are given to individuals (with less than 10 years of experience) who has developed experience in the tunnelling industry and has made a notable contribution between Jan '15 and Jul '16. </div>
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Judging criteria was based on:</div>
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- Commitment to the tunnelling industry</div>
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- Contribution made by the individual to bring innovative ideas or initiatives or lead technically complex design/operations.</div>
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- Deliver beyond the client's expectation</div>
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Nomination was based on following items: </div>
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- Design and construction support for shotcrete lined (NATM) mined tunnel in soft shallow overburden condition</div>
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- Publication in International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories 2016 (Singapore special issue)</div>
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- Contribution in ITACET and local Geotechnical society (GeoSS)</div>
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Highlights of the awards event is available below:</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2-BOwm0t3iM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2-BOwm0t3iM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Featured in Geoconsult website: Link (link is dead)</div>
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Featured in ITACET foundation website: <a href="https://www.itacet.org/news/former-itacet-foundation-scholarship-student-receives-award">Link</a></div>
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Featured in Tunnel Talk: <a href="https://tunneltalk.com/Accolades-and-awards-12Jan2017-2016-winners-of-UK-tunnel-awards.php">Link</a></div>
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Thanks to generous support by the tunnelling community worldwide for identifying and encouraging the young engineers. Who would have imagined, an Indian guy, working for an Austrian firm for Singapore projects would win this honor in United Kingdom! :D</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-89934599532145110332016-11-30T05:30:00.000+01:002017-05-11T09:11:32.750+02:00Young Professionals Think Deep Programme (YPTDP) 2016 Glasgow (ITACUS-ISOCARP event)For the first time, ISOCARP in partnership with ITACUS has organized a Young Professional’ Think Deep Program (YPTDP) Workshop. The event was hosted by the City of Glasgow (Glasgow City Council) and took place within the 23rd – 28th of October 2016.The intention of this workshop was to produce a set of case studies contributing towards in-depth analysis of interrelations between city planning focusing on urban design and underground space utilization and infrastructure provision.<br />
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The workshop was targeted at junior British and international professionals (up to 35 years old) with various backgrounds such as spatial planning, architecture, civil engineering and real estate management.<br />
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There were 20 international participants with various professional backgrounds who attended this workshop. I was fortunate enough to be chosen to represent Singapore at this workshop. The theme chosen for this workshop was "Rethinking the Clyde Waterfront". The focus was on developing strategies for connecting the infrastructure development into underground urban design. This theme strongly connects with the Singapore city planning and I was very hopeful to get maximum out of this workshop.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsHCh_4Bg57ZKmLKb87HvqShmiZ_zRz8C6Vy8Su7JohxevIkPH63qd7Yd8yOXjDBZ7-v89Z-G5xld8D7_hkzxT5fv8F8LsGtJ5xD4J0tEcWABWDaMYDQ6ldmfICun_cB-6cY_kV8goBB0/s1600/YPTDP_finalreport.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsHCh_4Bg57ZKmLKb87HvqShmiZ_zRz8C6Vy8Su7JohxevIkPH63qd7Yd8yOXjDBZ7-v89Z-G5xld8D7_hkzxT5fv8F8LsGtJ5xD4J0tEcWABWDaMYDQ6ldmfICun_cB-6cY_kV8goBB0/s400/YPTDP_finalreport.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Participants of YPTDP workshop in Glasgow, Scotland</td></tr>
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At a moment when tunnels and underground infrastructure are playing a key role in replacing high-rise infrastructure and surface development to create open green public places, the development of underground space needs to be planned and needs to be seen as an integral part of the city fabric. Many mega-cities are looking at underground space as a last resort, as the spatial relief valve that can for one last time help to free space at the surface rather than planning underground space by choice. In order to create this vision on the use of underground space, this workshop attempted to make planners aware of the subsurface and its role in urban planning as well as to educate engineers the planner's perspective.<br />
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The workshop adopted the interactive method, facilitating the search for an "outside the box" approach for an unobvious answers. The group of young planners and engineers coming from 19 countries were asked to support the City of Glasgow with their objective, external view, and with “fresh” ideas for developing the area of the Clyde waterfront. The workshop itself is usually a series of brainstorming exercises, resulting in a vision of development for the area. The style of brainstorming depends on the experience and personality of the participants.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipIX9C6w3CbiNY7ha3C1z78CbsBzQShBjUsFduZps3trakmI_JDZePLwmdEfAXNpkN3UQwik8UFs2xaBqL5YDpGK5UWPTqUu9MshQb599NRRwhKN1aRzjAbjwrePsFCWS7v9bSAa-Y-0/s1600/Brainstorming+sessions.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipIX9C6w3CbiNY7ha3C1z78CbsBzQShBjUsFduZps3trakmI_JDZePLwmdEfAXNpkN3UQwik8UFs2xaBqL5YDpGK5UWPTqUu9MshQb599NRRwhKN1aRzjAbjwrePsFCWS7v9bSAa-Y-0/s400/Brainstorming+sessions.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">YPTDP Glasgow 2016 - Brainstorming session</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGjszvowxbZzoUhylHjXOuGokt_dlmCaDRF9HV4yZRGgfcUHtl_aXcGw3ZLraQ4T9ggSyl9jAEx6xH0_ftXqkERPaGzzNzZY7IbjzKd4ElRSwbti8ycZON2zsKtXRTSSf-sMmGu7kL14/s1600/Senthilnath-Group.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGjszvowxbZzoUhylHjXOuGokt_dlmCaDRF9HV4yZRGgfcUHtl_aXcGw3ZLraQ4T9ggSyl9jAEx6xH0_ftXqkERPaGzzNzZY7IbjzKd4ElRSwbti8ycZON2zsKtXRTSSf-sMmGu7kL14/s400/Senthilnath-Group.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My team at YPTDP Glasgow,2016. Theme: Urban Garden<br />
(from Left: Negar, Senthil, Fillipo, Rosanne, David)</td></tr>
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Full report of the workshop and details of the brainstorming session is available at: <a href="https://goo.gl/d1oPGm">https://goo.gl/d1oPGm</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-38623849650562196732016-11-18T04:39:00.000+01:002017-05-11T04:49:01.702+02:00ITA Tunnelling Awards Event<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
ITA Tunnelling awards event took place in Singapore between 10th November and 11th November. Although I was not able to win the title, Singapore had a good share of winning entries.</div>
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Singapore won the awards under the following categories:</div>
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<li>Tunnelling project of the year (between €50 million and €500 million)</li>
<li>Safety initiative of the year</li>
<li>Innovative use of underground space</li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqnFbwwUOJG6REW0rxVLFzZ3hjHB3G1Gs-0aP4NCHIWFe9z8CUavbqorwReEOkrEmtzbP_fRTgtcOxQ-auC7fu815I5gHezc7_yz50LoaKmxe4QL0YUPmYdKGweUT0ER-mb0r4QPdLMs/s1600/IMG_0695.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqnFbwwUOJG6REW0rxVLFzZ3hjHB3G1Gs-0aP4NCHIWFe9z8CUavbqorwReEOkrEmtzbP_fRTgtcOxQ-auC7fu815I5gHezc7_yz50LoaKmxe4QL0YUPmYdKGweUT0ER-mb0r4QPdLMs/s400/IMG_0695.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Finalists of Young Tunneller of the year 2016 (I am standing 2nd from left)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Finalist Certificate</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSb_ALf-eBVL3rJ9INpa3YZ7lB3kI-L1Bvqj0vvApqZRrMEcrDZOaS_ug5sb4WS-43nmhcyGKV6uNhXHdFhOoBytmkAqCEHGmpc18GvCt8sSHXhdLX2ALreS82Kzn2ItWqlhSuCMC7Kh8/s1600/IMG_0756.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSb_ALf-eBVL3rJ9INpa3YZ7lB3kI-L1Bvqj0vvApqZRrMEcrDZOaS_ug5sb4WS-43nmhcyGKV6uNhXHdFhOoBytmkAqCEHGmpc18GvCt8sSHXhdLX2ALreS82Kzn2ItWqlhSuCMC7Kh8/s320/IMG_0756.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colleagues from Geoconsult who came to support my entry during the event</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-66085357887498230412016-08-28T09:16:00.000+02:002017-05-11T04:52:14.196+02:00NCE Tunnelling Awards 2016 - Young Tunneller of the Year (Shortlisted)<a href="https://www.newcivilengineer.com/">New Civil Engineer (NCE)</a> - the official magazine for members of the <a href="https://www.ice.org.uk/">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> (UK chartered body that oversees the practice of civil engineering in the UK) is organizing <a href="https://tunnellingawards.newcivilengineer.com/">Tunnelling Award</a> for the seventh year in 2016. The awards are not only known to showcase the best in tunnelling expertise, most innovative techniques and challenging projects but also has established itself as a premier networking event for the global tunnelling community.<br />
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This year, I am delighted to be shortlisted under the category "Young Tunneller of the Year".<br />
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
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Thanks <a href="https://twitter.com/ncedigital">@ncedigital</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/TunnellingAwds">@TunnellingAwds</a> & <a href="https://twitter.com/ICE_engineers">@ICE_engineers</a> for the shortlisting me. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tunneller?src=hash">#tunneller</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/itaym?src=hash">#itaym</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tunnelling?src=hash">#tunnelling</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/geotech?src=hash">#geotech</a> <a href="https://t.co/hxa0MDpGdo">pic.twitter.com/hxa0MDpGdo</a></div>
— G T, Senthil Nath (@gt_sn) <a href="https://twitter.com/gt_sn/status/767749197000904705">August 22, 2016</a></blockquote>
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List of all finalists could be accessed <a href="https://tunnellingawards.newcivilengineer.com/2016-finalists">here</a>.<br />
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The shortlist is based on the personal contribution made by the individual to lead major technically complex operations. Following attributes are considered for the shortlist:<br />
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<ul>
<li>drive their team, project or business to technical or commercial success</li>
<li>deliver beyond the client's expectation</li>
<li>personal commitment to improving the tunnelling industry</li>
<li>tangible differences made by the environment in which they operate</li>
</ul>
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The shortlisting is done by an esteemed panel of 23 international judges appointed by NCE magazine. Full list of judges is available <a href="https://tunnellingawards.newcivilengineer.com/judges">here</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">#ITAYM #YoungTunneller</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0London, UK51.5073509 -0.1277582999999822351.1912379 -0.77320529999998222 51.8234639 0.51768870000001777tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-71651338264844386872016-08-20T11:48:00.000+02:002016-09-07T10:26:56.607+02:008th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineer's Conference, 2016<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Earlier this month, I had the opportunity to represent Geotechnical Society of Singapore (GeoSS) at the Asian Young Geotechnical Engineer's conference (AYGEC). The 25 years tradition of AYGEC started in 1991 with its first conference in Bangkok and now it has reached its 8th edition. </div>
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Along with 2 representatives from Singapore (myself and Ms. Sue Cing from Golder Associates, Singapore office), there were 45 young engineers representing 17 different Asian countries. Apart from young engineers, there were 4 keynote/special lectures by senior professionals/academicians from German Geotechnical Society, Japan Geotechnical society and Korean Geotechnical society. In total there were more than 75 delegates from 24 countries [1]. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">8AYGEC, Astana Kazakhstan</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Distribution of participants (17 countries | 29% from industry, remaining from academia)</td></tr>
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Two presentations by Singapore representatives were on the topic:</div>
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<li>Mid-Tunnel underground docking of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) in Singapore - presented by me</li>
<li>Two-lane vehicle underpass using pipe roof method at Sentosa Gateway Tunnel - presented by Ms. Sue Cing Teo</li>
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The conference theme was aligned with the objectives of ISSMGE Technical Committee - TC305 (Geotechnical Infrastructure for megacities and new capitals). Both the presentations from Singapore were apt for this theme. Our presentations were well received and appreciated by the senior professors from Korea, Japan and Kazakhstan. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Representatives of GeoSS at 8AYGEC</td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: left;">The venue for the conference was split between Nazarbayev University and Eurasian National University in Astana, Kazakhstan. The conference had one dedicated session on Underground Urban infrastructure. Other sessions of the conference were focused on </span>laboratory and field tests, recent trends in ground improvement, numerical modeling, advanced soil mechanics and geotechnics of historical monuments.</div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">The 2 day conference culminated with field visit on Day 3. The main highlight of the technical visit was the visit to the construction site of EXPO 2017 - a 113 hectares international exposition </span><span style="text-align: center;">pavilion. Unfortunately we could not see much of the activities due to weather conditions and safety concerns. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Artistic view of EXPO 2017 (after completion)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.sg/"><img alt="http://geo-technical.blogspot.sg/" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREHFAJ7GB0drK5xwElTx8LnASir8F4K2wRwyPQFp0ILKTjHdeIPmmDZyhCUCAG7-hT8B-rWYpO7F2UrYloM-dDXPfXbJcOqOV0PCX8vlUi7zLhusy-6bKhDJsYsumMZAWWA7_-MJoyto/s200/IMG_3312.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EXPO 2017 (in construction)</td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">The collection of peer-reviewed papers presented during this conference are published by CRC Press (Taylor and Francis) Publishers, UK and is available </span><a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Challenges-and-Innovations-in-Geotechnics/Zhussupbekov/p/book/9781138030077" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="text-align: justify;">.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREHFAJ7GB0drK5xwElTx8LnASir8F4K2wRwyPQFp0ILKTjHdeIPmmDZyhCUCAG7-hT8B-rWYpO7F2UrYloM-dDXPfXbJcOqOV0PCX8vlUi7zLhusy-6bKhDJsYsumMZAWWA7_-MJoyto/s1600/IMG_3312.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Challenges and Innovations in Geotechnics (ISBN 9781138030077) </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI9wUCmh9tNRGAGxT1cc_LLTkV7PFnatGTFs9gZtaQG7AcuQcgq4ab4SoiVAFIpNypfO7vwK4-g5gTlrpvqCdjoJaJ7wcBB69TUDnFOrNETx4W0BkeaKbz1tU5InQqEnvHW_Q3e_-N60E/s1600/0_1d591f_7f8c4902_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI9wUCmh9tNRGAGxT1cc_LLTkV7PFnatGTFs9gZtaQG7AcuQcgq4ab4SoiVAFIpNypfO7vwK4-g5gTlrpvqCdjoJaJ7wcBB69TUDnFOrNETx4W0BkeaKbz1tU5InQqEnvHW_Q3e_-N60E/s320/0_1d591f_7f8c4902_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My presentation on Mid-Tunnel TBM Docking</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKjpVSzBTFHmI6bFhEW5xdlPuLagUz6O3qi5PNgHsg7IO5dT8Ta5fcC6yNgyihhIy2ZV-OaKo3MO-ksy_m8eDu_r_OiG0LdrvaHCRSttaLs4mfm11VmTs3bPA-wKMZTk9E4XtKtl3ons/s1600/0_1d58a9_c2c157fd_edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKjpVSzBTFHmI6bFhEW5xdlPuLagUz6O3qi5PNgHsg7IO5dT8Ta5fcC6yNgyihhIy2ZV-OaKo3MO-ksy_m8eDu_r_OiG0LdrvaHCRSttaLs4mfm11VmTs3bPA-wKMZTk9E4XtKtl3ons/s320/0_1d58a9_c2c157fd_edited.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVM9LTGGaiWWeyAC9DCoV7tOzpi-uKm2HfYGbV2em7IKO9iLc81Ml71zekwbg1KiVe3_69iEYWayQLYjduD5mzUkyBE_4lQ4K5tWKfj86OowcppIl-evPsPVsNqScpP9bGy0xU0wma9g/s1600/0_1d594f_b96e96e0_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVM9LTGGaiWWeyAC9DCoV7tOzpi-uKm2HfYGbV2em7IKO9iLc81Ml71zekwbg1KiVe3_69iEYWayQLYjduD5mzUkyBE_4lQ4K5tWKfj86OowcppIl-evPsPVsNqScpP9bGy0xU0wma9g/s400/0_1d594f_b96e96e0_orig.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Since all the delegates were of same age group, it resulted in a very lively engagement, discussion and exchange of business cards (and FB handles too) during the networking sessions. The official closure of the conference was eventful with Kazakhstan music and dance. PhD thesis work of Dr. Prashanth Vangla (representative of Indian Geotechnical Society from IISc Bangalore) received the best paper award and Dr. Atsushi Takai (Asst. Professor, Kyoto University, Japan) received the best presenter award. Apart from few hiccups, the conference was very well planned and moderated by Prof. Askar. </div>
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References:</div>
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[1] Online article, "The outcome of 8AYGEC" available at: http://www.enu.kz/en/info/news/44808/ (retrieved 20th Aug, 2016)</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Astana 020000, Kazakhstan51.160522699999987 71.470355850.84177369999999 70.824908799999989 51.479271699999984 72.1158028tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-73924691366222026892016-07-29T19:10:00.000+02:002016-09-15T05:04:52.644+02:00Shortlisted for ITA Awards<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am very honoured to be shortlisted for the International Tunnelling Associations' ITA Awards (under the category "Young Tunneller of the Year"), in what is considered as the Oscars of the tunnelling industry. A total of 33 finalists (projects and engineers) are selected out of 98 entries from 25 countries in 9 categories. The complete list of finalists is available <a href="https://awards.ita-aites.org/all-finalists.html" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6ydh_YahRs1pgAhXdHPQtaaCRjmBhjRIJpItxg4wVt4JVf1QzXWnCyAL2PuqnHNwnqDSHt-Afj62HTTYzILxgFPlqM27q8RzeYmhFz51dsmvS_O1nvKJRl_ItfZJ-9hnkYXu_kQZOOw/s1600/ITA+Award+Bust.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6ydh_YahRs1pgAhXdHPQtaaCRjmBhjRIJpItxg4wVt4JVf1QzXWnCyAL2PuqnHNwnqDSHt-Afj62HTTYzILxgFPlqM27q8RzeYmhFz51dsmvS_O1nvKJRl_ItfZJ-9hnkYXu_kQZOOw/s320/ITA+Award+Bust.PNG" width="204" /></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">ITA Awards Trophy - Bronze bust of Isambard Kingdom Brunel (Sculpted by Sebastien Langloÿs)</td></tr>
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All the finalists for the category "Young tunneller of the year" are shown below (in alphabetical order). Link: <a href="https://awards.ita-aites.org/finalists/young-tunneller-of-the-year.html?tmpl=component">https://awards.ita-aites.org/finalists/young-tunneller-of-the-year.html?tmpl=component</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GatlmOYOALVbUhO3T7A9HcDMTfG9bJO5_pUklINwavy2pK1Mq1Q1FWas4B4R7H7MnxlM9Rs8HuD3iidFQ3JqAZYC0C28LR9p8MysZTtcDnvuPbz3qrAFG_yCO7lYjsKne439mJOEgUw/s1600/ITA+Award+2016.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GatlmOYOALVbUhO3T7A9HcDMTfG9bJO5_pUklINwavy2pK1Mq1Q1FWas4B4R7H7MnxlM9Rs8HuD3iidFQ3JqAZYC0C28LR9p8MysZTtcDnvuPbz3qrAFG_yCO7lYjsKne439mJOEgUw/s320/ITA+Award+2016.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihibDT5MAH7E4l8XGRV6H0Ah47C60qSaOPFc3p2FQkQSnovHZsRD9tKipP3Ix0Mn7hSw9VRaTPVrt2QSegR2vMqI88a8dFzsAuSdaayGKLusnHN3gs8mnMTLU2UsRCXYmucgDXBed5_VE/s1600/Young+Tunneller+Category.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihibDT5MAH7E4l8XGRV6H0Ah47C60qSaOPFc3p2FQkQSnovHZsRD9tKipP3Ix0Mn7hSw9VRaTPVrt2QSegR2vMqI88a8dFzsAuSdaayGKLusnHN3gs8mnMTLU2UsRCXYmucgDXBed5_VE/s320/Young+Tunneller+Category.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Join me for the two-day ceremony (with 8 high profile keynote lectures, finalists presentation and awards ceremony) at the Marina Bay Sands, Singapore</div>
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<a href="https://awards.ita-aites.org/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqmGMh5tFK-qRENy1wM8Gt6aZV-aui26Uuaim3LWDwlKy1WF3Tt3xOHgiEEqhonMUHp05xURY8fm71GCJcBztY5iDTpnw5THGtRHzJuE8dHh-6sdkHgS2t6f1zsfuGYf4-2DX-Fh8XRFo/s400/ITA+Award+Banner.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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References:<br />
[1] ITA Awards <a href="https://awards.ita-aites.org/all-finalists.html">website </a>and <a href="https://awards.ita-aites.org/media/press/585/symposiumtucss.pdf">newsletter</a><br />
[2] <a href="http://www.tunnel-online.info/en/artikel/tunnel_ITA_Tunnelling_Awards_2016_List_of_Finalists_disclosed_2643947.html">Tunnel-Online Info website</a><br />
[3] <a href="http://www.tunneltalk.com/Awards-Accolades-2016-ITA-Awards-2016.php">Tunnel Talk newsletter</a><br />
[4] <a href="http://tunnelbuilder.com/News/Book-now-for-the-ITA-Tunnelling-Awards-2016.aspx">Tunnel Builder newsstream</a><br />
[5] <a href="http://aates.org.ar/index.php/prensa/news/item/134-ita-t-awards-2016">Argentinian tunnelling society newsletter </a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Singapore1.352083 103.819836000000011.352083 103.81983600000001 1.352083 103.81983600000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-41962282055975758592016-07-25T18:42:00.001+02:002016-07-25T18:42:50.311+02:00Invited Talk on "Impact assessment on existing tunnels due to TBM tunnelling in close proximity"<div style="text-align: justify;">
With the growing population, the need for TBM tunnels in urban environment has continuously increased in the last decade. The need for TBM tunnels is not only limited to urban transportation but is also constantly increasing for other key infrastructure elements, which results in new tunnels constructed close to existing tunnels / other infrastructure. During this presentation, I presented problems/risks associated with tunnels driven in close proximity and how to assess/quantify the impact. A case study was considered to illustrate the impact assessment and risk evaluation.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcIWPIz-wOfaYz-W__qMHsP0OT6fwGWPW42hGUyhSVT6FRSUtv6JRtyR97f4mWSLNQOY89mPAHRhrvSjj0BN2RhRkH3I5vhnhvb3H73BBjGEFjaHgGhDPe9s_hhlp66hB2bvh2h1I_q0/s1600/ITAYM-Senthilnath.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcIWPIz-wOfaYz-W__qMHsP0OT6fwGWPW42hGUyhSVT6FRSUtv6JRtyR97f4mWSLNQOY89mPAHRhrvSjj0BN2RhRkH3I5vhnhvb3H73BBjGEFjaHgGhDPe9s_hhlp66hB2bvh2h1I_q0/s320/ITAYM-Senthilnath.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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A copy of the presentation slides could be accessed <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/we5on5fj5wptn2z/Day%202-Session%203-Senthil%20Nath-Geoconsult%20Singapore-Final.pdf?dl=0" target="_blank">here</a>. Details of the conference program below.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4extvu6jpydf6jc/SG-EN169%20Underground%20Space%20Engineering.pdf?dl=0" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_OisPKLqWH5Q0YC1AKIITd-DtMD64R3xmkkgoyEqkGDP4bVRIUVBG7C4-PM3D94mTqt3OAoyLAhCvIC_otm5REU0-yuouo-o7Y3d75h37uMJpMqWNZzffuCwsEYH7Cq5JKgOLbbTSSJg/s320/Capture.PNG" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd Annual Underground Space Engineering, Singapore</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Singapore1.352083 103.819836000000010.8441055 103.174389 1.8600605 104.46528300000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-27986954332048478462016-06-08T08:03:00.000+02:002016-08-14T09:21:01.593+02:00Featured in ITACET newsletterJune issue of ITACET newsletter has featured the abstract of my paper which was shortlisted by <a href="http://www.geoss.sg/geoss/" target="_blank">Geotechnical Society of Singapore (GeoSS)</a> to be presented at the <a href="http://kgs-astana.wixsite.com/8aygec" target="_blank">8th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference in Kazakhstan (8AYGEC)</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://www.itacet.org/Newsletter/NL_detail.php?no_nl=24" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcTPXWPPCifGxUhYVWhDI8ADboQDotg3VqoHkWabrnFhH7no0EWIQFZAhwX5FyhamnOM8IYRRS3HdAJciBmJBuUHoHLTeEBcPoSyT2sXwuHIp6kEzUWHuA65nLLzCb_oX5iMMoAtDzs1E/s400/ITACET+News+letter+June+2016.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.itacet.org/Newsletter/NL_detail.php?no_nl=24#210" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3HKbw1wJspDXxvIK55MzkRaM8BrABcolQyPseayB7I76p0KqQkolm6_pM7TTUPVPUME4KuZp49Ds5n81R3Yyn-COcvQafoJxDJ-D0VMyYcPFmOMZtpik-A41UVoj3tcicUuukGLt3JCg/s400/ITACET+News+letter+June+20162.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ITACET Newsletter - June edition</td></tr>
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The title of the paper is "Mid-tunnel underground docking of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) in Singapore". The paper discusses a case study from Singapore in which, TBMs are docked midway in the tunnel to establish a safe working chamber for concluding construction works (including the TBM dismantling,
internal concrete lining etc.) without the need for any intermediate TBM retrieval shaft. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7SlIw7DnFSQQC78UiOR0pTiRt6fPfhZsiz2La49RYAN9_gRnx53hphxmTUHWVJMe_0ajwcnbHBoFFn7vNYxe_ByudQNZESAu3mkvZ2hvCR0SdN68wcMs1Ylrh7XT5UcZb5qQEKZV5e10/s1600/TBM+Docking.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7SlIw7DnFSQQC78UiOR0pTiRt6fPfhZsiz2La49RYAN9_gRnx53hphxmTUHWVJMe_0ajwcnbHBoFFn7vNYxe_ByudQNZESAu3mkvZ2hvCR0SdN68wcMs1Ylrh7XT5UcZb5qQEKZV5e10/s400/TBM+Docking.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture illustrating docking without a retrieval shaft</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Reference:<br />
[1] Senthilnath, G.T., 2016. Mid-tunnel underground docking of tunnel boring machines in Singapore, In The 8th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Astana, Kazakhstan, CRC Press/ Balkema Publishers (accepted, in press)Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Singapore1.352083 103.819836000000010.8441055 103.174389 1.8600605 104.46528300000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-42888429464615313672016-05-17T20:07:00.000+02:002016-05-17T20:39:18.328+02:00Keynote Presenter in Upcoming conference on Underground Space Engineering, SingaporeTrueventus is organizing the 3rd Annual conference on Underground Space Engineering in Singapore and I am invited as one of the Keynote presenters to present a talk on "Existing tunnel movements due to close proximity". Details of the conference are enclosed below. This post will be updated soon to include the summary of my presentation.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURwrP3deB7qZuEp_JiBw7pQ-iYG4hxK-3FKDAtSwYrNUERmsVAhGoXTw3NLHMU3ZZLiqAFE3Q1xxrp4kDYUUtEl-kOnKbe80M5H0i2J6s4b0mxumZMNqDd-BZtmQPkkuD7Li_hy7HFSw/s1600/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURwrP3deB7qZuEp_JiBw7pQ-iYG4hxK-3FKDAtSwYrNUERmsVAhGoXTw3NLHMU3ZZLiqAFE3Q1xxrp4kDYUUtEl-kOnKbe80M5H0i2J6s4b0mxumZMNqDd-BZtmQPkkuD7Li_hy7HFSw/s320/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_1.png" width="226" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVn3y3CF4cz6IOFXHbVGqHUywGMlzBPIIzvwK0y9AANPKYehdHI6oXy140AtoPet9nSFHLb8A3wLd_4Xek8FawEbWyy7nFWh5V_AZxXH3IC1z1_Qa1yA570F4mF3__UhrB8YOSIZOCsk/s1600/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVn3y3CF4cz6IOFXHbVGqHUywGMlzBPIIzvwK0y9AANPKYehdHI6oXy140AtoPet9nSFHLb8A3wLd_4Xek8FawEbWyy7nFWh5V_AZxXH3IC1z1_Qa1yA570F4mF3__UhrB8YOSIZOCsk/s320/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_2.png" width="235" /></a> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtNLQFVKzPsVWDRlc_y-xkw28isYHzE_xgzE5fo-70J_HDT2yYKkYFx0ciVy-4obRoV6Xn49Sc8exeoCBFTihI7EsHMY14Cp4nEGEjcEmJeqB7QfnLVwjNT-MSaK0qsIanydZRbTx49U/s1600/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtNLQFVKzPsVWDRlc_y-xkw28isYHzE_xgzE5fo-70J_HDT2yYKkYFx0ciVy-4obRoV6Xn49Sc8exeoCBFTihI7EsHMY14Cp4nEGEjcEmJeqB7QfnLVwjNT-MSaK0qsIanydZRbTx49U/s320/4.+Underground+Space+Engineering+Meet+-+Speakers_Page_3.png" width="226" /></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-35122869630742053742016-05-05T20:48:00.000+02:002016-05-17T20:49:18.938+02:00Underground Space Utilization in Singapore - Part 1<div style="text-align: center;">
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Most of the cities exploit the underground space for dirty and noisy uses like sewer system, transport systems etc. But a few cities have gone a step further and started extensive use of underground space for pedestrian passages, underground storage facilities, shopping mall, office spaces etc. Singapore is one of such cities which is constantly pushing for new innovative use of underground space and already boasts an extensive of use of underground space (see picture below).</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqDWTZxnaqEe96D2B4o60Ar5F2PV6BIbdZcwOAL4zQViC7hCMR8xWpUXJ0OdPfxSHEW5qnFegg96P66xzOZz9mfnF005xK_U6HzrNwOqsIXviO_r_HtnsKDww1uHRdxBIJd-WyjG3JofA/s1600/1.Tunnels+in+Singapore.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqDWTZxnaqEe96D2B4o60Ar5F2PV6BIbdZcwOAL4zQViC7hCMR8xWpUXJ0OdPfxSHEW5qnFegg96P66xzOZz9mfnF005xK_U6HzrNwOqsIXviO_r_HtnsKDww1uHRdxBIJd-WyjG3JofA/s320/1.Tunnels+in+Singapore.tif" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Underground space utilization in Singapore</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
And is further looking for possibilities of creating underground transport hubs, pedestrian links, cycling lanes, utility plants, storage and research facilities, industrial uses, shopping areas and other public spaces. In order to facilitate such projects, Singapore parliament recently <a href="https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/dam/minlaw/corp/News/Factsheet%20on%20LAA%20and%20SLA.pdf" target="_blank">amended laws</a> to say that by definition, the state owns underground space more than 30 meters below the surface and the law enabled the state to buy out plots of surface land so that the ground underneath it can be accessed. These law changes indicate Singapore government's serious foresight about future underground usage plan.<br />
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Another school of thought is that it is not just because they need space for people, but it is also because it generates revenue for the economy. Income from land sales alone account to more than US$10 billion for the past few years.<br />
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<a href="https://www.ura.gov.sg/skyline/skyline12/skyline12-06/article-03.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAsZkqK33oVhQoZMtiGMl-HVD2ne296YikFBQ7cLhngLuqDgcnO9CC6Ae-xkcLZjPT6oy4Sb3JRSYUEEp7jnvQocjojttaTffzV8xD4F27lcFUM2bFN6vw2XRu8WrRrlhSdnIELv3yryA/s320/Underground.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Either way, Singapore is geared to make maximum utilization of its underground space. Now the question is how are the policies developed for such growth? What are the cities that we could look upon for "template"? How Singapore's needs differ from them? I will cover in the next post. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-90358396335793909782016-05-01T20:21:00.000+02:002016-05-18T06:59:38.109+02:00New Blog from Politecnico di Torino about Tunnelling CourseI am happy to share that current master student (Mr. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rodrigo-winderholler-a460a168/en" target="_blank">Rodrigo Winderholler</a>) of the Tunnelling and TBM master course (10th edition) has started a blog explaining the course details and giving weekly update of the course progress.<br />
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It serves as a valuable information to the people who are interested in similar course and gives a basis to someone who wants to assess the course before joining it. I thank Rodrigo in taking the initiative and following the practice that I set during my course period.<br />
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I recommend my readers to visit his blog at: <a href="http://tunnelling-tbmmaster.blogspot.sg/">http://tunnelling-tbmmaster.blogspot.sg/</a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://tunnelling-tbmmaster.blogspot.sg/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGhabdXPu14k4CiNvfopqtJxSKVQxjXUvqzhqzSTJvUPEKAzYjToK3AabDatg5tIbOI2yUkx5tT2QEQHU7Vxc40q82FjWV50sKejuvIci5RSnH9n2An5iXgpORFnfYOoWTVnpAjSFycyY/s320/Master+course.PNG" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tunnelling-tbmmaster.blogspot.sg/" target="_blank">New blog on Tunnelling & TBM Master Course - 10th Edition</a></td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-66956004042689440822016-04-26T20:36:00.000+02:002016-05-17T20:39:44.861+02:00Breakthrough Magazine - Issue 2This year during the World Tunnel Congress in San Francisco, ITAYM released the second issue of the Breakthrough Magazine. Unfortunately, I couldn't attend this WTC. The magazine could be accessed <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/vc992odp9ut1yb7/Breakthrough%202016%20Issue.pdf?dl=0" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgNzhEv_ujwrl52e8EO7_f2MD0a7iQPCEmU6nEXngtF84ilmFHcvqYEbwaEveX51Qfi1q9uqXaiPtvx3Zv9b-6GDyO-UO0ti3oTskM8qgcacebWhHRwHR5tHxcQM-pdR8yaL8kxgMtgOE/s1600/Pages+from+Breakthrough+2016+Issue.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgNzhEv_ujwrl52e8EO7_f2MD0a7iQPCEmU6nEXngtF84ilmFHcvqYEbwaEveX51Qfi1q9uqXaiPtvx3Zv9b-6GDyO-UO0ti3oTskM8qgcacebWhHRwHR5tHxcQM-pdR8yaL8kxgMtgOE/s320/Pages+from+Breakthrough+2016+Issue.png" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Breakthrough Magazine - Issue 2</td></tr>
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During WTC, there was also an election for ITAYM board members and three new board members (Doris Frank, Slovenia; Giuseppe Maria Gaspari, Italy; Joanne Sui, United Kingdom) were elected to replace the outgoing board members (Nichole Boultbee, Petr Salak and Emily Roguska). Jurij steps down as Chair and Sindre Log is elected as the new Chair for a tenure of two years.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmrfrZ8yliKtXFVOMbn68KOlOEl90GhwuBKrbiKooenf-lcLtRSrYAIwdHbfwOHSwKTkVvlFZEq0r5xrk0gPW8zQw6yxFwMEkZte6wrc98fFUineFfjaUsxCLjv90m_-p4wliw9uqsOns/s1600/3.+Page+5+from+Breakthrough+2016+Issue.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmrfrZ8yliKtXFVOMbn68KOlOEl90GhwuBKrbiKooenf-lcLtRSrYAIwdHbfwOHSwKTkVvlFZEq0r5xrk0gPW8zQw6yxFwMEkZte6wrc98fFUineFfjaUsxCLjv90m_-p4wliw9uqsOns/s320/3.+Page+5+from+Breakthrough+2016+Issue.png" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ITAYM Board</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-24348251930139227202015-11-30T06:54:00.000+01:002016-05-14T07:05:18.991+02:00Hulme Prize 2015This year I participated in Hulme Prize competition and my paper was shortlisted in Top 3 for presentation during a TUCSS seminar.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEQOedwq7MaeWw9fagmYanLF9XFJoyIjuzye25T8hOSi9wnvEhsZzEjIimxqJAD2jNuUupet0ftuqbDv-bvcoP_PDaSC375F8JsyrqARCQDsndtUOGMqN1-9QDEURRXY4KTq61-0TYOE/s1600/Hulme+Prize+2015+Flyer.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEQOedwq7MaeWw9fagmYanLF9XFJoyIjuzye25T8hOSi9wnvEhsZzEjIimxqJAD2jNuUupet0ftuqbDv-bvcoP_PDaSC375F8JsyrqARCQDsndtUOGMqN1-9QDEURRXY4KTq61-0TYOE/s320/Hulme+Prize+2015+Flyer.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hulme Prize presentation - invitation flyer</td></tr>
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The Hulme Prize was set up by TUCSS in 1999 to honour Terry Hulme, Honorary Member of TUCSS, for his outstanding contribution to TUCSS and Tunnelling in Singapore. It is an annual competition for the best technical papers from young engineers or students (below 35) on any subject related to tunnelling and underground construction.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5KcGVMSdsg9Zyl6UntP6grlWKLsrxomWvH0aLE7dcLnvCi_nOpkwxjyMWYfeXinD-ZV5Mac2YS0Tap5SvIwBGb8aluj6qcMM5rXUyulNgR2mcSVMfsEyuSs1bgJG4l_RVNpBVK9vlAgM/s1600/DSC02857.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5KcGVMSdsg9Zyl6UntP6grlWKLsrxomWvH0aLE7dcLnvCi_nOpkwxjyMWYfeXinD-ZV5Mac2YS0Tap5SvIwBGb8aluj6qcMM5rXUyulNgR2mcSVMfsEyuSs1bgJG4l_RVNpBVK9vlAgM/s320/DSC02857.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hulme Prize paper presentation by Senthil Nath GT</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-dY83UYJqMdMEelB5JObb_flBDa88zxfmtKewmcdI7UGwbdSxSg9uAEq7SUiKmtA68NNq6YH5OcsdfMPnwFf79Wbv89qKds-Coq5n-4smpYWigGPtMoeHGQ1qVy_odRXgvD0iPNt2E9M/s1600/DSC02858.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-dY83UYJqMdMEelB5JObb_flBDa88zxfmtKewmcdI7UGwbdSxSg9uAEq7SUiKmtA68NNq6YH5OcsdfMPnwFf79Wbv89qKds-Coq5n-4smpYWigGPtMoeHGQ1qVy_odRXgvD0iPNt2E9M/s320/DSC02858.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hulme Prize 2015 presentation in SMRT Auditorium</td></tr>
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This paper can be accessed <a href="http://www.tucss.org.sg/images/document/Hulmeprize2015_3.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6UiH69QmB-TJN9PywT_wufrCsAa8yUxTQJggyOsz4Amae23Rrt9sS7vmuAeV4sU9CHm1-5W6mSxenv6DOU3TG4_5sUjTku7CYffJhLeHtQXpN50tLx7kSh6fYpcZyAzNmxJ6GEWI8oLA/s1600/Hulme+Prize+Trophy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6UiH69QmB-TJN9PywT_wufrCsAa8yUxTQJggyOsz4Amae23Rrt9sS7vmuAeV4sU9CHm1-5W6mSxenv6DOU3TG4_5sUjTku7CYffJhLeHtQXpN50tLx7kSh6fYpcZyAzNmxJ6GEWI8oLA/s320/Hulme+Prize+Trophy.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hulme Prize 2015</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-91213500851100781352015-07-01T06:23:00.000+02:002016-05-17T20:28:09.115+02:00Breakthrough Magazine - Issue 1First Issue of Breakthrough magazine was released this year during the ITA General Assemby meeting held during the WTC 2015 in Croatia. The issue could be accessed <a href="http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/6db452e3#/6db452e3/1" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/6db452e3#/6db452e3/1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkeRIWl6SRq01-2kacqUTzsvOnTcnRKohLJC2IKAvcLPjTdhlRxlKUkGJk8pADvBUgppY1zNR4P7L2AlPvAyDvXdReLBfIS2P7StBj5oTVYugmpSkz-oECs0X50I97sV4_Z2uEdOAxmng/s320/pages_Page_01.png" width="226" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/6db452e3#/6db452e3/1" target="_blank">Breakthrough Magazine - Issue 1</a></td></tr>
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I was also featured in an interview column to talk about my 2nd level masters course at Politecnico di Torino, Italy.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgSn7UA3uvtrnEq_d0hAwjVFoT2iZbJUB_lf_RAOKzfqPAtan5sU6cIt1zczCpN_HeAz5YqPtGeO11tYqSK0Z3YFrKtrezspu00caki6gASb6TABRe6ReTyI-sLZjHPjmsf-3bwldnew/s1600/pages_Page_43.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgSn7UA3uvtrnEq_d0hAwjVFoT2iZbJUB_lf_RAOKzfqPAtan5sU6cIt1zczCpN_HeAz5YqPtGeO11tYqSK0Z3YFrKtrezspu00caki6gASb6TABRe6ReTyI-sLZjHPjmsf-3bwldnew/s320/pages_Page_43.png" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interview column</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-32150487079267956892015-06-27T16:51:00.000+02:002016-05-14T06:17:49.072+02:00World Tunnel Congress 2015In the month of May (22nd to 28th), I had the opportunity to attend the World Tunnel Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia. This was my first World Tunnel Congress event and I had the opportunity to meet many friends from Italy, India, Germany and Singapore.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">With my friend from Turin, Italy</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ITA General Assembly</td></tr>
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I had the opportunity to present my work titled "Probabilistic estimation of operating pressure for TBM Tunnelling". This paper basically presents probabilistic estimation of TBM operating pressure using Monte Carlo simulations as a part of design routine. This probabilistic approach would assist in risk assessment and will result in realistic face pressure values and thus avoid the operational disadvantages of over conservatively high face pressure values.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDbvcaStVJqTC_N2tiImmupE_9q3M_J_xtwdVbL3XbniYuHrCDhqeO39QZk_Mu5wZI6_gkYq5Hk97i5QdYlRxkQ-zSy3iceJLlvo3szl0QEXBTXISwzoeuGB4Fn-A6VSYD_-0Z6gvPhEo/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDbvcaStVJqTC_N2tiImmupE_9q3M_J_xtwdVbL3XbniYuHrCDhqeO39QZk_Mu5wZI6_gkYq5Hk97i5QdYlRxkQ-zSy3iceJLlvo3szl0QEXBTXISwzoeuGB4Fn-A6VSYD_-0Z6gvPhEo/s400/1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Face pressure estimation using Monte-Carlo Simulation</td></tr>
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I also had the opportunity to get in touch with fellow ITA-YM members and was elected as the steering committee member of ITA-YM for a tenure of 2 years.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-78395499561204356652015-01-26T17:14:00.004+01:002015-01-28T10:42:05.731+01:00The Italian Art of Tunnelling<div style="text-align: justify;">
Literature survey will show that the fundamentals of modern tunnelling were already well understood during 19th and 20th century. The basic processes were almost completely understood by then and the only actual innovations have been in the use of new materials (shotcrete, high-strength steel, steel fibre reinforcements, admixtures, etc).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAmjN_XyqiuZchtM6w-Sdw1EF1JLmJnszpfRT-kx5z6kcMyn-CPMsjgjspe8VyImqrcp8oZRP_aSDCu5ZvnQIsyYGZnrbcdkI35FzGFttQ_ChePwJYULoL8WrWHAJfFtW39Ft3SaOHko/s1600/20150115084628_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAmjN_XyqiuZchtM6w-Sdw1EF1JLmJnszpfRT-kx5z6kcMyn-CPMsjgjspe8VyImqrcp8oZRP_aSDCu5ZvnQIsyYGZnrbcdkI35FzGFttQ_ChePwJYULoL8WrWHAJfFtW39Ft3SaOHko/s1600/20150115084628_001.jpg" height="320" width="225" /></a></div>
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Based on the country of origin and underlying principles, there have been many classification of "tunnelling methods". It is quite obvious that differentiation of various "tunnelling methods" is sometimes difficult and they often overlap with each other. <i>More often, a combination of "methods" offers an optimal solution for the problem at hand.</i> However, for the case of classification, the classical tunnelling methods can be broadly divided into:</div>
<ul>
<li>German Tunnelling Method - Core method</li>
<li>The English Tunnelling Method - Longitudinal beam/ trestle method</li>
<li>Belgian Tunnelling Method - Underpinning method</li>
<li>The (old) Austrian Tunnelling Method - Upraise tunnelling</li>
<li>The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) - Thin-walled support to relieve ground pressure</li>
<li>The Italian Tunnelling Method - ADECO-RS (Lunardi Method)</li>
</ul>
This post covers some salient points of the Italian tunnelling method.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Df_cCVGtNiYtkdRzF29GToANiq3pWIgHmtuxVR9nmoRx61RZyLQDDxFdRVL16IC6xx5jzEx5hVNW3JpIbczHvlmIZARwU1G94ejW9J7Mw-MLS2y2MVhdVE7y5NMllQ5i9IqCAiu-_3Y/s1600/Italian.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Df_cCVGtNiYtkdRzF29GToANiq3pWIgHmtuxVR9nmoRx61RZyLQDDxFdRVL16IC6xx5jzEx5hVNW3JpIbczHvlmIZARwU1G94ejW9J7Mw-MLS2y2MVhdVE7y5NMllQ5i9IqCAiu-_3Y/s1600/Italian.PNG" height="163" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Italian - Packing method in squeezing condition [4]</i></td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Traditionally, the Italian tunnelling method referred to packing method. It is used to overcome very difficult geological conditions (strongly squeezing rock with water ingress). Excavation is done in parts with immediate installation of packing material (even within the finished dimension of tunnel) and later broken out after ring closure. Later, the tunnelling method developed by Dr. Lunardi and Prof. Pelizza was referred as New Italian method, which was called ADECO-RS (</span><b style="text-align: justify;">A</b><span style="text-align: justify;">nalysis of </span><b style="text-align: justify;">CO</b><span style="text-align: justify;">ntrolled </span><b style="text-align: justify;">DE</b><span style="text-align: justify;">formation in </span><b style="text-align: justify;">R</b><span style="text-align: justify;">ocks and </span><b style="text-align: justify;">S</b><span style="text-align: justify;">oils). The intention was to develop a process, which can conter the disadvantages of the NATM in regard to safety and cost-effectiveness in squeezing ground conditions.</span><br />
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While the Austrian method calls for partial excavation to increase face stability, the Italian method advocates full face excavation but with advance face support using methods like glass fibre anchors, jet grouting etc. This results in early ring closure than with the excavation of the entire cross-section in parts and keeps the deformation of the rock mass low. In addition, it also permits the use of large and powerful machines and hence faster production rates.</div>
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Lunardi [3] summarizes that the ADECO-RS approach emphasis to:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Analyse the deformation response of the ground both ahead of and down from the face (using experimental, full scale, numerical, empirical tools etc)</li>
<li>Controlling the susceptibility to deformation of the ground ahead of the face (advance core) by using appropriate stabilization techniques (various face stabilization techniques proposed in Dr. Lunardi's paper are shown below).</li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQklTh6t1Y42yCSJQRkCT1gw55HrhDdtvPWPvYnV50lJ08x7DX_sNrHgYHCqKMaa4tHSzsJT0p1ac-Emlm0N2_o6dmAjOF-DZfpbtmlMnGTrXehrwah0Z_NTUrH0JyiXFdblJkeL2spw/s1600/Face+stabilization+methods.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQklTh6t1Y42yCSJQRkCT1gw55HrhDdtvPWPvYnV50lJ08x7DX_sNrHgYHCqKMaa4tHSzsJT0p1ac-Emlm0N2_o6dmAjOF-DZfpbtmlMnGTrXehrwah0Z_NTUrH0JyiXFdblJkeL2spw/s1600/Face+stabilization+methods.PNG" height="400" width="218" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Choice of face stabilization methods [4]</td></tr>
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While it may seem very similar to the New Austrian Method of measurement and control, Lunardi [3] clearly summarizes the difference in design and control using the pictures below:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg54GVOieaE2yL8LnXVAXJOz921bGx4R0Qg_tePhDaLNupJGm1wuFk0zxO2OW1A5euGxbaTo7Umno8LCfjx2eiHPp_6Ripg_4uFTc-hSm8TpgJaDjvs9UMZrIg9jefsDaafbn-cO_P7Xes/s1600/Adeco-Analysis.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg54GVOieaE2yL8LnXVAXJOz921bGx4R0Qg_tePhDaLNupJGm1wuFk0zxO2OW1A5euGxbaTo7Umno8LCfjx2eiHPp_6Ripg_4uFTc-hSm8TpgJaDjvs9UMZrIg9jefsDaafbn-cO_P7Xes/s1600/Adeco-Analysis.PNG" height="400" width="350" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Difference in analysis approach</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGdWtZy2I7NTqjDlOWfY1tcds_13aHdhUnwhhYNU0pXa0ybzbXMhhp8tH1P-HmI-xdsDKGU9Op31AEtjBa_FxhmsjZ28cuOxnRVsTCImic17Xwjd_wJIvus8xRNGWee-AvWbI0AoB-XE/s1600/Adeco-Control.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZGdWtZy2I7NTqjDlOWfY1tcds_13aHdhUnwhhYNU0pXa0ybzbXMhhp8tH1P-HmI-xdsDKGU9Op31AEtjBa_FxhmsjZ28cuOxnRVsTCImic17Xwjd_wJIvus8xRNGWee-AvWbI0AoB-XE/s1600/Adeco-Control.PNG" height="400" width="351" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Difference in control approach</td></tr>
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Elaborate explanation about ADECO-RS method is given in Dr. Lunardi's book [1].</div>
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<b>References:</b><br />
[1] P. Lunardi, Design and Construction of Tunnels: Analysis of Controlled Deformations in Rock and Soils (ADECO-RS). Springer, 2008.<br />
<br />
[2] Pelizza, S.; Peila, D.: Soil and Rock Reinforcements in Tunnelling. In: Tunneling and Underground Space Tech. 8 (1993), No. 3, S. 357–372.<br />
<br />
[3] P. Lunardi, “The design and constrution of tunnels using the approach based on the analysis of controlled deformation in rock and soils,” Tunnels & Tunnelling International, no. May, pp. 3–30, 2000.<br />
<br />
[4] Maidl, Bernhard, Markus Thewes, and Ulrich Maidl. Handbook of Tunnel Engineering I: Structures and Methods. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-10474960401284265442014-12-30T19:10:00.000+01:002015-06-27T16:39:09.789+02:00Recent trends in TBM face pressure estimationIn my previous blog <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/2014/09/urban-tunnel-sink-holes-face-stability.html">post</a>, I mentioned that the widely used method for face stability calculation in drained condition is based on Anagnostou and Kovari, 1996 [2]. In a recent paper, Perazzelli et. al 2014 [3] presented a new set of nomograms which estimates the effective face support pressure using the "method of slices" approach. This blog post attempts to compare results from above two methods and summarize the observations. <br />
<br />
<div>
For the sake comparison, effective face pressure is estimated for 10m dia tunnel with the condition: Overburden / Diameter = 1, c’ = 0 and hydraulic head Delta h = 30m for various phi’ values and the results using both the methods are shown below.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjRfzoOUIXHrEhM-M2dGUh3iu5KVN_v65xOhgs0RR_AWHKWk9IwodHPGyG2T6Y-ltPOnDDk67sIsiEMkVdWdBaSCrjPmhpJdk0nvkL8ba2zrIH_lVo6GKXOlCCI_D-ExVgt2A3r04Vp8/s1600/Perazzelli+2014.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggjRfzoOUIXHrEhM-M2dGUh3iu5KVN_v65xOhgs0RR_AWHKWk9IwodHPGyG2T6Y-ltPOnDDk67sIsiEMkVdWdBaSCrjPmhpJdk0nvkL8ba2zrIH_lVo6GKXOlCCI_D-ExVgt2A3r04Vp8/s1600/Perazzelli+2014.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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It is observed that the effective face pressure estimated using Perazzelli et al nomograms are constantly lower than that of the Anagnostou 1996. Constant difference is maintained even with the increase of phi’ values. This suggests that the method of slices leads to lower effective support pressure values (for equilibrium condition). </div>
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The same comparison is repeated with a constant phi’ (= 25°) but now varying the effective cohesion instead, and results are presented in figure below. Face pressure calculated using Anagnostou 1996’s nomograms are considerably lower than the one Perazzelli et al’s nomograms for higher c’ values. This is because, Anagnostou et al 1996 [2] considers only equilibrium of the prism and does not check the tensile failure.</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_e3MEEB7O1-xPDicz2UvWL44BQzls8F0cUS0fJ8xbCZxsy8JV4ZgNcYuZxRNlIi4eFo2fyYlqAVUfmuCQgbMV4kXPyaaHpJqRcQpQra0Hxdeh_5oqK1DEgQ-ul6bjByvhUyeZFuEEDE/s1600/Perazzelli+2014+at+higher+C.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_e3MEEB7O1-xPDicz2UvWL44BQzls8F0cUS0fJ8xbCZxsy8JV4ZgNcYuZxRNlIi4eFo2fyYlqAVUfmuCQgbMV4kXPyaaHpJqRcQpQra0Hxdeh_5oqK1DEgQ-ul6bjByvhUyeZFuEEDE/s1600/Perazzelli+2014+at+higher+C.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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Thus, in case of high hydraulic gradient and if the cohesion of the ground is high (which may be true for weak rocks), the necessary effective face support pressure may be much higher than the pressure required for the stability of the wedge. Because, in this case, tensile failure rather than sliding becomes the critical mode for the determination of support pressure [3]. This means that, in such situations nomograms of Anagnostou et al. 1996 [2] may underestimate the necessary support pressure and thus may be unsafe. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
This effect is further studied by comparing effective face pressure with varying hydraulic gradient for two different cohesion value (0 and 100 kPa), using both the methods and is presented in figure below. Results indicate that, as observed above, the results from Anagnostou et al 1996 [2] are underestimating the support pressure at higher cohesion. Another important observation is, as the hydraulic gradient increases, the estimate by Anagnostou et al 1996 [2] is approaching the values estimated using Perazzelli et al. i.e, the governing mechanism is changing from tensile failure back to limit equilibrium failure.</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJz3emVqTNd0IsrwFlKEQLQCmBHqwAdm9DCpw5CY3f7GZi1lqyH_vKQkY32iijgYvhk4SEdh-XclyzwJtxRxl7EJVWaWdghkWIPxzq_aG3AgeAi3UP9IWe0ulYb6JfzCTVhGmWxo-hJo/s1600/Perazzelli+2014+at+higher+hydraulic+gradient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGJz3emVqTNd0IsrwFlKEQLQCmBHqwAdm9DCpw5CY3f7GZi1lqyH_vKQkY32iijgYvhk4SEdh-XclyzwJtxRxl7EJVWaWdghkWIPxzq_aG3AgeAi3UP9IWe0ulYb6JfzCTVhGmWxo-hJo/s1600/Perazzelli+2014+at+higher+hydraulic+gradient.png" width="298" /></a></span></div>
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This phenomenon important to understand to prevent underestimation of face pressure in high effective cohesive soils.</div>
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<b>References:</b></div>
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: justify;">[1] Senthilnath, G.T (2014). Face Stability of Closed TBMs in Urban Tunnels. Politecnico di Torino, Italy.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: justify;">[2] Anagnostou, G., and Kovári, K. (1996). Face stability in slurry and EPB shield tunnelling. In M. & Taylor (Ed.), Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (pp. 453–458).</span><br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
[3] Perazzelli, P., Leone, T., and Anagnostou, G. (2014). Tunnel face stability under seepage flow conditions. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 43, 459–469.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1Singapore1.352083 103.819836000000010.8441055 103.174389 1.8600605 104.46528300000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-19585885145829908072014-09-12T21:25:00.001+02:002014-09-19T03:12:58.063+02:00Urban Tunnel - Sink Holes & Face stability<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbUgnlkbq1qC67m6j_qqA8JSxEnpiiRGQriNm_LajoPbQMv_w3hGRfd5e6nJiobM64k-oSRGgS5j0l43T3b6_J8aY1Kin_UveC-jOq65WPjHBD5rgaNba5tV_0_3bzzcnw181SJSO99jY/s1600/DSC_1541.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbUgnlkbq1qC67m6j_qqA8JSxEnpiiRGQriNm_LajoPbQMv_w3hGRfd5e6nJiobM64k-oSRGgS5j0l43T3b6_J8aY1Kin_UveC-jOq65WPjHBD5rgaNba5tV_0_3bzzcnw181SJSO99jY/s1600/DSC_1541.JPG" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Metro Tunnel (<a href="https://www.facebook.com/sgt.photos" target="_blank">Source</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lately, after a recent event (details: <a href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140828001041" target="_blank">link 1</a>, <a href="http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2993860" target="_blank">link 2</a>, <a href="http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/08/25/2014082501748.html" target="_blank">link 3</a>), there has been much attention in media about the sinkholes created by underground tunnel construction in an urban setting. So, in this post I would like to discuss the theoretical basis behind the stability calculation, which is one of the engineering parameters used to avoid sink holes. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
During an urban bored tunnel drive, instability of the face is one of the prime concern for any tunnel manager. While the workers in TBM may be protected with the closed-face machine, the instability could cause over-excavation and thus excessive settlements & at the worst case, a sink hole on the surface.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Usually, based on the geology, overburden, loads, water condition etc, the type of mechanised tunnelling is chosen for the construction (more on selection of TBM is discussed here). Regardless of the type of TBM (unless its open face rock TBM), during the TBM drive, the Tunnel engineer constantly monitors the applied TBM face pressure with respect to the Target face pressure estimated for the anticipated geotechnical properties. The forces/factors contributing to stability and instability of the tunnel face are:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMyk6atf-q6JULSzd0Ez_V_IANZanbfMIVhN5C8MUxWxil4YOm0Hr4aYaf3kJjLdfmsui9z_3HiHv7ZaVUpH5C7G5ChMBQ1bo_Me0V0MF-l7cQHJXFeAYoAHZPpipg-iIAFDtt6bjIhiY/s1600/Stabilising+forces.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMyk6atf-q6JULSzd0Ez_V_IANZanbfMIVhN5C8MUxWxil4YOm0Hr4aYaf3kJjLdfmsui9z_3HiHv7ZaVUpH5C7G5ChMBQ1bo_Me0V0MF-l7cQHJXFeAYoAHZPpipg-iIAFDtt6bjIhiY/s1600/Stabilising+forces.PNG" height="230" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Factors affecting the stability</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since the cohesion of the soil depends on the pore pressure dissipation, the methods can be broadly divided into:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Undrained Condition (widely used method in practice - Kimura and Mair, 1981)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Drained Condition (widely used method in practice - Anagnostou and Kovari, 1996)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The face support could be exerted using (a) The Pore pressure in the TBM chamber and (b) The effective support pressure excerted by the TBM. Usually in EPB, the pressure is measured by load cells in the excavation chamber which measures the total stress, ie (a)+(b). The following plot clearly indicates that the total pressure required for the case with maximum delta H is always less than the case in which pressure gradient is the least. However, it is still preferred to have the pore pressure in excavation chamber that is equal to the in situ pore pressure in the ground. This is clearly explained in Dr. Benoît Jones' article in Tunnelling Journal [2]. It can also observed that, as the cohesion increases (stabilizing factor), the effective pressure required decreases (and hence the total pressure).<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6FwhY68J_YboBaK9Y8CBf1-kJgOa6Fzx3jLpCpCuWIovs6D3rmZNyWGEuj5A8C2PKaLkoxtWn7gADEJDYlAYIRqM3hCtzXCIMf9DWKUMgH7pcowmBaGSKNVkVRrZ88OuqbMCv-E0ydD0/s1600/Effective+and+PW+Pressure.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6FwhY68J_YboBaK9Y8CBf1-kJgOa6Fzx3jLpCpCuWIovs6D3rmZNyWGEuj5A8C2PKaLkoxtWn7gADEJDYlAYIRqM3hCtzXCIMf9DWKUMgH7pcowmBaGSKNVkVRrZ88OuqbMCv-E0ydD0/s1600/Effective+and+PW+Pressure.PNG" height="315" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comparison of Face Pressure - Above plot is prepared for a 6.6m dia Tunnel with 10m overburden and 20kPa surcharge. Ground water assumed at ground level</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Slurry TBM, the pore pressure in the TBM chamber can be increased by increasing the slurry pressure. It can be set even higher than the water pressure in the ground. Whereas in EPB, the pore pressure in the TBM chamber is maintained by soil plug (formed in the screw conveyor) and can not be set higher than the fluid pressure in the ground.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>References:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[1] Anagnostou, G. & Kovári, K. (1996) Face stability conditions with earth-pressure-balanced shields. Tunnelling and underground space technology. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 165-173.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[2] Benoît Jones, A Bluffer's Guide to Stability (Part 1 to 3), Tunnelling Journal Magazine (Feb to Jun '14).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[3] Davis, E. H., Gunn, M. J., Mair, R. J. & Seneviratne, H. N. (1980) The stability of shallow tunnels</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
and underground openings in cohesive material. Géotechnique. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 397-416.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[4] Kimura, T. & Mair, R. J. (1981) Centrifuge testing of model tunnels in soft clay. Proceedings of the 12th Int. Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm. Vol. 2, pp. 319-332.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-66317196764435837812014-08-28T11:08:00.000+02:002014-10-03T09:56:37.244+02:00The Geology of Singapore as Seen by a Civil Engineer<div style="text-align: justify;">
Few weeks ago, I moved to Singapore to join a consulting firm as a Tunnel Design Engineer. Although I had been to Singapore few times earlier, on small "assignments", it is still like starting all over. New job, new country, now challenges and hey, more importantly, new Geology!! </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The value of Geology to any Geotech/ Tunnel engineering problem is very apparent. Balance in geological system is a delicate condition which takes longs periods to establish. This balance can easily be disturbed/ altered by certain civil engineering activities and hence it is of great importance to understand how these systems are likely to react to such disturbances. Particularly for tunnelling projects, geological factors affects the overall success of TBM, right from TBM selection, project planning, and tunnel excavation to tunnel operation. So I started to learn about Singapore Geology from a Civil Engineering perspective. In this effort, I happened to stumble over <a href="http://snb.nl.sg/det_4583837.aspx" target="_blank">this</a> excellent reference in Singapore National Library [4] based on which I named this post. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The geology of Singapore has been well presented by the Singapore Public Works Department [1] in their 1976 report and by DSTA [2] in their 2009 report. The report covers the stratigraphy of the nine recognized formations, structure and geologic history of different formations. Below figures show the simplified geological maps of Singapore. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1NKEybIXLrbbuYyguVGm3Uf2xnOnsRZIcHGe6SYuaz6WZFza1Jr-t1lGcu9cpKl20btDpGd-JNRd7pJvxNrEEhztgXZYDX4ncoxE16G6wkFahQdlvmChRJTd0lFkAaKvE8ZTsQ3f2XHY/s1600/Simplified+geological+map-Scrivenor+(1924).PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1NKEybIXLrbbuYyguVGm3Uf2xnOnsRZIcHGe6SYuaz6WZFza1Jr-t1lGcu9cpKl20btDpGd-JNRd7pJvxNrEEhztgXZYDX4ncoxE16G6wkFahQdlvmChRJTd0lFkAaKvE8ZTsQ3f2XHY/s1600/Simplified+geological+map-Scrivenor+(1924).PNG" height="183" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Simplified Geological Map, Scrivenor (1924)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCpyB_nDDAF85HVqk38V07g18oDUsstWnyyCBHJZTULg382SqCqiOfCeo6k1ygxe0aJUDVHkFoBmFTBrgLF1NpFicXFtbL7S4ofA_V_fEco-i8HUKp1MvBW1JWefM8u85BTyCTAjxybU/s1600/Simplified+geological+map-Alexander+(1950).PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCpyB_nDDAF85HVqk38V07g18oDUsstWnyyCBHJZTULg382SqCqiOfCeo6k1ygxe0aJUDVHkFoBmFTBrgLF1NpFicXFtbL7S4ofA_V_fEco-i8HUKp1MvBW1JWefM8u85BTyCTAjxybU/s1600/Simplified+geological+map-Alexander+(1950).PNG" height="203" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Simplified Geological Map, Alexander (1950)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: justify;">This post summarizes some of the critical aspects which needs to be borne in mind while dealing with certain geological units in Singapore. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sedimentary Rocks (Zone 1) </b>- Extremely quick variation in properties, varying from good to bad within few centimeters. Boulder Clay (SE Zone) - Consists of big, hard and tough rounded sandstone boulders. In between boulders - silty hard clay which tends to soften and slide on exposure. Moisture content - 10 to 27%, Cohesive strength ~ 5MPa and no internal friction. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Igneous Rock (Zone 2) </b>- In Central Singapore, Changi and Pulau Ubin. They are excellent for foundations. The soil from weathering of granite in-situ can be very firm and can stand high excavations without support (in dry conditions). Can be difficult to drive plies (if required, to carry tension). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Older Alluvium (Zone 3)</b> - It covers most of eastern Singapore. Consists of semi-consolidated sands, gravels, pebble beds, and silty clay beds. It is generally a good soil but has to be watched carefully. It is difficult to predict penetration of piles. The compressibility of the soil must be studied carefully for heavier buildings. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Recent Alluvium (Zone 4) </b>- Characterized by high water content, low strength and high settlements. They are fairly homogeneous and behave quite theoretical but need to watch for sudden appearance and disappearance of thin sand layers. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggV30oNR14BRXpGlbP3GfRTVk6FmO2DvCfNSQPrE0qG7F5xqKNZqqq5M5OBzP-CiXD4_IGIwKFWJAPgCkISHWQ_C6nT-FcrTzkDlRs3iBnNB9VEeCS0IZ3HXDw7Cy0hHm0Wyuc03UiAFw/s1600/Zones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggV30oNR14BRXpGlbP3GfRTVk6FmO2DvCfNSQPrE0qG7F5xqKNZqqq5M5OBzP-CiXD4_IGIwKFWJAPgCkISHWQ_C6nT-FcrTzkDlRs3iBnNB9VEeCS0IZ3HXDw7Cy0hHm0Wyuc03UiAFw/s1600/Zones.jpg" height="293" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Four Zones Discussed Above</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>References: </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[1] PWD, Singapore. "Geology of the Republic of Singapore." Published by Public Works Department (PWD), Singapore (1976). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[2] Lee, K. W., and Y. Zhou. "Geology of Singapore" Defense Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) (2009). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[3] Pitts, John. "A review of geology and engineering geology in Singapore." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 17.2 (1984): 93-101. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[4] Sehested, K. G. The geology of Singapore as seen by a civil engineer. Public Works Department, 1960.<br />
<br />
[5] Sharma, J. S., Chu, J., & Zhao, J. (1999). Geological and geotechnical features of Singapore: an overview. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 14(4), 419–431. doi:10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00005-5</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-72900932146214371692014-07-19T04:25:00.000+02:002014-07-19T04:25:27.417+02:00Special Mention In Media (ITACET Newsletter)<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am happy to share with my readers that, <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/" target="_blank">this blog</a> was mentioned in the ITACET Foundation's newsletter as "A blog of interest". Thanks for your support and continuous encouragement. I will continue to write and share useful and original content.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The newsletter could be accessed at <a href="http://www.itacet.org/Newsletter/NL_detail.php?no_nl=19">http://www.itacet.org/Newsletter/NL_detail.php?no_nl=19</a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/6l69lze1vpzrddi/ITA-CET%20Newsletter%2019.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Link</a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqssjKuhxZPG3XG4RrDd45qvlA_9zK6wwgO2jZ08dxvjmlNT6RGYhQnnM2M4ntks7tY-Gnu1cUN0TwsZ-vTwSJDpyxp1yMzHj5UnPw2gKGGil9J3h_lWI60gt2q119WqCG7HDfQJMFr8E/s1600/InMedia-ITACET+Newsletter-July14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqssjKuhxZPG3XG4RrDd45qvlA_9zK6wwgO2jZ08dxvjmlNT6RGYhQnnM2M4ntks7tY-Gnu1cUN0TwsZ-vTwSJDpyxp1yMzHj5UnPw2gKGGil9J3h_lWI60gt2q119WqCG7HDfQJMFr8E/s1600/InMedia-ITACET+Newsletter-July14.png" height="400" width="376" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Special Mention in <a href="http://www.itacet.org/Newsletter/NL_detail.php?no_nl=19" target="_blank">ITACET Newsletter - July 2014</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5712088407663344353.post-82868745571168085322014-07-18T23:30:00.000+02:002014-07-19T04:29:35.266+02:00"Tunnelling and TBM" Course at Politecnico di Torino, Italy: Summary<div style="text-align: justify;">
In this post, I intend to summarize about the 2nd Level Specializing Masters / Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) degree program on "Tunnelling and TBM", which I was following at Politecnico di Torino, Italy. Having completed the academic course work (46 out of 60 credits), I am about to begin my thesis work (based on job experience / stage / internship) to complete the remaining 14 credits.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
MAS program on "Tunnelling and Tunnel Boring machines" at Politecnico di Torino, Italy is one of the four courses offered worldwide on Tunnelling which is endorsed by <a href="http://www.ita-aites.org/en/" target="_blank">International Tunnelling Association (ITA/AITES)</a> and <a href="http://www.itacet.org/" target="_blank">ITACET</a> committee. Three of them (including this) are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Advanced_Studies" target="_blank">MAS level</a> / 2nd Master's level course and one of them is MSc level course (<a href="http://www.ita-aites.org/en/wg-committees/committees/ita-cet/master-courses" target="_blank">details</a>).</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The program at Politecnico di Torino combines university lectures with expert lectures from construction companies, machines producers, design companies and industry professionals to provide the multidisciplinary knowledge. The program has been running for around 18 years, offered once in two years, and has now reached its 9th edition (<a href="https://didattica.polito.it/portal/pls/portal/sviluppo.master.html?cds=75&sdu=32&a_acc=2014&p=index&l=en" target="_blank">more details</a>).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmnf7b3bDkEHzOxtpsUhAIPk3PJuDEMOmB3dxARcw55FirV12Efnc75Nl8VQnKN7ZJoHaFBcg50TxznFFhjC1VnklRSXG1cm_KpUFpUpGoTgMlgJRgcTnsCI0Yh4-RrO3Yv6MWLSH5dY8/s1600/TnTBM+Course+at+Polito.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmnf7b3bDkEHzOxtpsUhAIPk3PJuDEMOmB3dxARcw55FirV12Efnc75Nl8VQnKN7ZJoHaFBcg50TxznFFhjC1VnklRSXG1cm_KpUFpUpGoTgMlgJRgcTnsCI0Yh4-RrO3Yv6MWLSH5dY8/s1600/TnTBM+Course+at+Polito.jpg" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In clockwise from top-left corner. <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/2014/07/herrenknecht-visit-schwanau-germany.html" target="_blank">Herrenknecht site visit</a>, <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/2014/03/prof-kalman-kovaris-lecture-on-urban.html" target="_blank">Prof. Kovari's lecture</a>, <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/2014/03/prof-robert-gallers-lecture-on-natm.html" target="_blank">Prof. Galler's Lecture</a>, <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.in/2014/05/meeting-with-itacet-board-members.html" target="_blank">ITACET Board</a> with program participants.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Course Structure</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The course contained the following modules. Lectures for each of the modules were delivered by industrial experts along with the university professors.</div>
<ul>
<li>Contractual and legislative aspects, work sites management, quality </li>
<li>General aspects of mechanized tunneling and Hard Rock TBMs</li>
<li>Plants and microtunneling</li>
<li>Rock Mass Characterization, Geo investigations and risk assessment</li>
<li>Safety and environmental issues of work sites</li>
<li>Soil mechanized tunneling</li>
<li>Tunnel design and construction method</li>
<li>Tunnel supports</li>
</ul>
<div>
All my posts related to the course can be accessed <a href="http://geo-technical.blogspot.it/search/label/Course%20Politecnico" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Details about the course content are summarized in the following info-graphics.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpChawBj3cM3ILx1ThQXb83bi2tzHmenNEDWAMi7-dkYhivRDFFlAa_FHuDkUiSs215U6nnv5nyOhCpNpSSc1zXIOUqIlVkY_Z2Z2oY7yl3K84yKCzdoD0QPrVjw7WoftHuUAoxngAoA/s1600/Activity+Type+vs+Time.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpChawBj3cM3ILx1ThQXb83bi2tzHmenNEDWAMi7-dkYhivRDFFlAa_FHuDkUiSs215U6nnv5nyOhCpNpSSc1zXIOUqIlVkY_Z2Z2oY7yl3K84yKCzdoD0QPrVjw7WoftHuUAoxngAoA/s1600/Activity+Type+vs+Time.PNG" height="305" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Time distribution in the program</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvH6xAyWnE0sJK4yFKtK3PvUJ6HUBjUNF0h18p32gfok6N1qWC5RCO2YRr8qPaZ5JHksZGh7vgZfYOvg4u8MIOmLc-vRFXiI-YHRTWmZHjxfH-V-MYCkH6wAwMlgkzHZhUzn3CkrSyRE/s1600/Distribution+of+Invited+Lectures.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvH6xAyWnE0sJK4yFKtK3PvUJ6HUBjUNF0h18p32gfok6N1qWC5RCO2YRr8qPaZ5JHksZGh7vgZfYOvg4u8MIOmLc-vRFXiI-YHRTWmZHjxfH-V-MYCkH6wAwMlgkzHZhUzn3CkrSyRE/s1600/Distribution+of+Invited+Lectures.PNG" height="388" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Distribution of guest lectures</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVAL40KN-jn61fk1s26E2x4gi0q-1C7MjfBSPtGwa1Lr_hPOp3pXUX2aQ4GBNz4p-0KmdWcX-utOVStoxj0ccyCgcVGWZvdCXSg7IDf1aHAsSL5wY1ID8CTrdZjs2SHLR94Y0XVN06nOc/s1600/Speaker+Background.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVAL40KN-jn61fk1s26E2x4gi0q-1C7MjfBSPtGwa1Lr_hPOp3pXUX2aQ4GBNz4p-0KmdWcX-utOVStoxj0ccyCgcVGWZvdCXSg7IDf1aHAsSL5wY1ID8CTrdZjs2SHLR94Y0XVN06nOc/s1600/Speaker+Background.PNG" height="307" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Background of lecturers during the program</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRCP2Cm4MIteZP2Bw0VJqJDilfZjGJUvDb5c56UB-PCdLicmz0QXlxBxuT6YKf5xLgLq3ugbBOs0B1OAnprXK-3YilSABOwmVxeGPam6jdujWhzgE2KL5c4BmyxToYV0lfONdvtl5-do/s1600/Time+distribution+of+Modules.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRCP2Cm4MIteZP2Bw0VJqJDilfZjGJUvDb5c56UB-PCdLicmz0QXlxBxuT6YKf5xLgLq3ugbBOs0B1OAnprXK-3YilSABOwmVxeGPam6jdujWhzgE2KL5c4BmyxToYV0lfONdvtl5-do/s1600/Time+distribution+of+Modules.PNG" height="307" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Time allotted for different modules</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
I would like to thank ITACET Foundation for their financial support to follow this program and their constant encouragement during the course work.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
My thanks are due to Prof. Peila, Director of the Master Course for his tireless effort and his constant willingness to receive feedback from the participants of the program for continuos improvement of the course.</div>
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<b>Sponsors of this edition of Tunnelling and TBM Program</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbIwnmRrFUHG4cWr5TF6OlPXDdy-qLB5RPdaSULoS8UdGamxWarcByJIH-s2oCTfIFkAW1jJpTU9t1qXnD1jLHnoOjMNfQDgKue3ckf-0jXo2dR2PSM14NqMGMZB30m0tpPAn32mpFWIw/s1600/9th+Edition+Sponsors-TnTBM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbIwnmRrFUHG4cWr5TF6OlPXDdy-qLB5RPdaSULoS8UdGamxWarcByJIH-s2oCTfIFkAW1jJpTU9t1qXnD1jLHnoOjMNfQDgKue3ckf-0jXo2dR2PSM14NqMGMZB30m0tpPAn32mpFWIw/s1600/9th+Edition+Sponsors-TnTBM.png" height="133" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>Sponsors of previous editions </b><b>of Tunnelling and TBM Program</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguIxkCFunV0Xg-NCtxsW8AsITcCuDeVlre86eGIW_FA6mOOoHrikN0bIopbgR2PVdbvLy7uG97Yog0gPxJqKITzriG75xnnVl9YxyxdD6zYhI9BBKA1PVoSbsFLb5jnH9WM1QVSmCnaFk/s1600/Previous+Edition+Sponsors-TnTBM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguIxkCFunV0Xg-NCtxsW8AsITcCuDeVlre86eGIW_FA6mOOoHrikN0bIopbgR2PVdbvLy7uG97Yog0gPxJqKITzriG75xnnVl9YxyxdD6zYhI9BBKA1PVoSbsFLb5jnH9WM1QVSmCnaFk/s1600/Previous+Edition+Sponsors-TnTBM.png" height="257" width="400" /></a></div>
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